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The Monomachus Crown ((ハンガリー語:Monomakhosz-korona)) is a piece of engraved Byzantine goldwork, decorated with cloisonné enamel, in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest, Hungary. It consists of seven gold plates depicting Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus, his wife Zoe, her sister Theodora, two dancers and two allegorical figures. The piece has puzzling aspects that have long made it the subject of scholarly debate; it was probably made in Constantinople in 1042. It was unearthed in 1860 by a farmer in what is now called Ivanka pri Nitre in Slovakia, then Nyitraivánka in Hungary.〔Kiss, 62〕 If it is a crown, it is, with the Holy Crown of Hungary of a few decades later (also in Budapest), one of the only two Byzantine crowns to survive.〔Beckwith, 214〕 == History == In 1860 a farmer near Nyitraivánka discovered the treasure while plowing. The objects passed to a member of the local landowning nobility, who sold them in four transactions to the Hungarian National Museum between 1861 and 1870, the last sale posthumously via a dealer named Markovits. Also sold were the two smaller cloisonee medallions found with the crown plaques, with busts of the apostles Peter and Andrew. These medallions lack holes for nails, unlike the gold plates. In the view of Magda von Bárány-Oberschall and most scholars they almost certainly do not belong to the Monomachus Crown.〔Kiss, 60-64〕 The general assumption was for long that the crown "seems almost certainly to be a female crown and was presumably a gift to the wife of a Hungarian king",〔 or to the king himself. In 1045 the Hungarian King Andrew I married Anastasia of Kiev,〔Also called Agmunda, she would become the mother of King Solomon〕 a daughter of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise,〔Alexander Nasarenko, ("Ungarn und Rus' um das Jahr 1000." ) (PDF-Datei; 370 kB) in Ferenc Glatz (Ed.): ''Die ungarische Staatsbildung und Ostmitteleuropa.'' Europa Institut Budapest, Budapest 2002, ISBN 963-202-773-6, S. 199〕 whose brother Vsevolod I had been married to Irene (Maria), a daughter of Constantantine IX since 1046.〔〔Szabolcs de Vajay, ("Corona Regia – Corona Regni – Sacra Corona." ) (PDF-Datei; 2,56 MB) ''Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Hungarologie'', Band 7, 1976. S. 45–46〕 According to the traditional account, Andrew or his queen would have received the crown from Constantine IX at this juncture. He was in need of a new crown, since Henry III had captured the original crown (supposedly donated to king Stephen I by Pope Silvester II in 1000) from King Samuel Aba in 1045 after the Battle of Ménfő and had sent it back to Rome.〔〔Julius Grexa, "Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." in Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.): ''Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.'' Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972, ISBN 3-87646-025-5, p. 416〕 According to popular legend this was the Holy Crown of Hungary, or some version of it, though it seems unlikely that any elements of the present crown are that old.〔Josef Deér casts doubt on the idea that this original crown was made in Rome in ''Die heilige Krone Ungarns.'' Wien 1966, pp. 199-200; the oldest elements of the present Holy Crown are now usually dated to the 1070s.〕 The fact that Andrew, who had taken power near the end of September 1046, was first able to be crowned in February 1047 could by attributed to the need for a royal embassy to travel from Hungary to Constantinople and back in winter in order to bring the Manomachus crown to Hungary.〔 In 1057 the young King Solomon was also crowned with this crown.〔 Other, very different, possibilities have been suggested and are covered below. In 1057 Solomon was besieged by Geza I and escaped with the crown and treasure in the direction of Bratislava in order to seek the protection of his brother-in-law Emperor Henry IV. Soldiers of Geza apprehended him as he was fording the Váh near Ivanka pri Nitre. Solomon had the treasure and the crown buried and barricaded himself behind the walls of Bratislava.〔 When Henry IV launched an expedition in September 1074 to restore Solomon to the Hungarian throne, the army of the Emperor abandoned him and rode along the Valley of the Waag in the direction of Nitra and Šintava. Possibly this was a futile attempt to recover the buried crown near the ford of Ivanka pri Nitre.〔〔Julius Grexa, '"Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." In Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.): ''Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.'' Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972, ISBN 3-87646-025-5, pp. 418–419.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monomachus Crown」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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